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ABSTRACT

 Engineering materials have to be tested for creep before they are used for any project.  The low temperature creep apparatus fabricated for this project uses a simple levels to transmit a tensile stress to a specimen.The elongation of the specimen due to the tensile stress is measured using a dial gauge.  A weight hanger and a stirrup are provided for the weights which are used to produce this tensile stress.  To hold the specimen in place, loading pins are loading stirrups a re provided and a rest pin beeps the apparatus steady when not in for the setting up of the whole apparatus. Results of experiments carried out with the apparatus are provided and the general friends agree with those in the literature.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                                1

1. Creep concept                                                                     2         

1.2      The purpose of the project                                             6         

1.3      Demand for the equipment                                            6         

1.4      Literature review                                                               7         

1.5      Kinds of phenomena                                                         8         

1.6      Examples                                                                              10      

1.7      Mechanism                                                                          11      

CHAPTER TWO      

Description of apparatus and design theory                          13      

2.1      static equilibrium conditions                                           17

1. Bending analysis for ac channel section                      18

CHAPTER THREE

Calculation                                                                                       21

3.1      Calculation the maximum load                                       24

CHAPTER FOUR

1. Fabrication                                                                           30

4.1      Experimental procedure and result                              34

4.2      Method of assembly                                                         36                              

CHAPTER FIVE

            Costing                                                                                  37

5.1      Direct Material Cost                                                          37      

5.2     Direct Labour Cost                                              38

5.3     Over – Head Cost                                                39

5.4     Total Cost of Apparatus                                               40

5.5      Possible Problems of Creep Testing

Machine and Recommendation                                                 40

5.6     Recommendation                                                 41     

5.7     Conclusion                                                           41

            Reference                                                                             43

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1. INTRODUCTION

At constant stress, materials continue to deform for an indefinite period of time.  This time, dependent deformation is termed creep.  At temperature less than 40 percent of the absolute melting point, the extent of the creep may be negligible, but at temperature higher than this, it becomes increasingly necessary.  It is for this reason that the creep test is commonly thought of as a high temperature test.  A creep curve is a plot of the elongation of tensile specimen versus time, at a given temperature, under either a constant load or constant true stress.

A failure may also be due to a phenomenon called creep, which is the plastic flow of a material under load at elevated temperatures in addition, the actual shape of a part may be responsible for failure for example stress concentrations due to sudden charges in contour must be taken into account.  The sive-angle specimen creep measuring apparatus or machine is a table tip apparatus measuring dimensionally 610 x 310 x 170mm and approximated weight of.  This simple machine uses specimens of plastics.  The design is based on a simple lever principle having a mechanical advantage of 80:1 which provides a  steady and uniform tensile load.  The extension of specimen under load is measured by a dial gauge.  It is made up of a vertical column which is the main supporting frame, a level beam, a stop watch, an extensometers (or dial gauge) and a weight hanger.

To ensure correct loading of the specimen, the load beam is fitted with hardened steel knife edges load is applied by means of a set of weights which are added to the weight hanger as required.  This apparatus is specially designed for teaching.  Generally for satisfactory use of this equipment, a bench area of approximately 1 x 0.6m is recommended.  It is compact and easily stored and ideal for classroom demonstrations.

This creep material measuring apparatus is in simple unit designed for demonstrating and investigating the creep characteristics of plastic specimen at room temperature.

 

1. THE CREEP CONCEPT

Materials when subjected to stress deform with time.  Under low temperatures, creep become negligible at stress below the yield strength and may require many life time to be detectable.  Creep can take place and lead to fracture at static stresses much smaller than those which will break the specimen when loading quickly in the temperature range 0.5 – 0.7 of the melting point (1mk), the variation with time of extensions of a metal under different stresses is shown below.

 

 

 

 

Now three conditions are observed:

(a)  &n